video : hydrocarbon

Hydrocarbons are the simplest group of carbon compounds. Hydrocarbons consist of only carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) elements. Although only composed of 2 types of elements, hydrocarbons are a large group of compounds. In this section, we will discuss the classification of hydrocarbons, then discuss three hydrocarbon classes, namely alkanes, alkenes, alkyons.
The classification of hydrocarbons is generally based on the shape of the carbon chain and the type of bond. Based on the carbon chain, hydrocarbons are classified into aliphatic, alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons. Alficial hydrocarbons are open chain hydrocarbons, while alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons have a ring chain. The circular chain of aromatic hydrocarbons binds to conjugates, single and double bonds arranged in alternating tubes. An example is benzene All cyclic hydrocarbons that do not belong to the aromatic are classified into alicyclic hydrocarbons. Alicyclic and aromatic hydrocarbons have different properties of properties. The properties of alicyclic hydrocarbons are more similar to aliphatic hydrocarbons. The name of the alisklik states the existence of a chain of circumference but it resembles an aliphatic compound.
Based on the type of bond between the carbon atoms, the hydrocarbons are distinguished by saturation and unsaturation. If all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds (-C-C-), they are classified as saturated hydrocarbons. If there is one double bond (-C = C-) or triple bond (-C C-), it is called an unsaturated bond
ALKANA
Is a hydrocarbon whose C chain comprises only a single covalent bond. Often referred to as saturated hydrocarbons ... because the number of Hydrogen atoms in each molecule is maximized. Understanding the Alkana nomenclature is vital, as it forms the basis for naming other carbon compounds.
The properties of Alkana

    Saturated hydrocarbons (no atoms C bonded so that the number of atoms H maximum)
    Called paraffin because small affinity (a bit of joining force)
    Hard to react
    The Alkane form with C1 - C4 chain at room temperature is gas, C4 - C17 at temperature is liquid and> C18 at room temperature is solid
    The boiling point is higher when the C element increases ... and if the number of C atoms is equal then the branching has a lower boiling point
    Solubility: soluble in non-polar solvents
    The mass of its kind rises as the number of C elements increases
    It is a major source of natural gas and petroleum (petroleum)
The formula is generally CnH2n + 2
The homologous sequence of alkanes
Homologous sequence is a group of carbon compounds of the same general formula having similar properties and between successive tribes having different CH2 or in other words an open chain with no branches or with branches with the same branch number.

 Properties of homologous alkanes:
O Have similar chemical properties
O Have the same general formula
O Mr. difference between 2 successive tribes of 14
O The longer the carbon chain, the higher the boiling point

 N Name Formulas
1 CH4 methane
2 C2H6 ethane
3 C3H8 propane
4 C4H10 butane
5 C5H12 pentane
6 C6H14 hexane
7 C7H16 heptana
8 C8H18 octane
9. C9H20 nonana
10. C10H22 decana
11. C11H24 undekana
12. C12H26 dodecane
TATA NAME ALKANA
1. The alkana name is based on the longest C chain as the main chain. If there are two or more longest chains then selected the largest number of branches
2. A branch is a chain C bound to the main chain. In front of the name alkananya written number and branch name. The name of the branch corresponds to the alkane name by replacing the suffix ana with the suffix il (alkyl).
3. If there are multiple branches of the same, then the name of the branch whose C number is the same is mentioned once but is supplemented with a prefix denoting the total number of branches. The atomic number C to which the bound branches should be written is the number of branches (number of numbers written = prefix used), ie at = 2, tri = 3, tetra = 4, penta = 5 and so on.
4. For branches whose number of C is different sorted in alphabetical order (ethyl first of methyl).
5. The branch number is calculated from the end of the main chain closest to the branch. If the location of the branch closest to both equals starts from:
• Branches that have their alphabetical order first (ethyl first from methyl)
• A larger number of branches (two branches from one branch)

 Example:
 
What is the hydrocarbon name below?

 
The first time we define the main chain. The main chain is the longest chain:

 4
The main chain is the one in the red box ...... Why ?? Try to note the left side, if the main chain is straight (the line drops) then sama2 will add 2 C atoms but will only cause one branch (the part that turns down) .... while when we turn down will arise 2 branches (Rule number 1). Now try to look at the right, the explanation is easier .... If the main chain is straight (the line drops) only increase one atom C while when turning down it will increase 2 atom C. So the chain of the main chain it can be turned and not have to Straight and still in a continuous series without branches.
The remaining carbon chain of the main chain is the branch

 5
Seen there are 3 branches namely 1 ethyl and 2 methyl. Numbering branch we choose the smallest number:
• when from the left end of the main chain the ethyl is located at the C atom of the main chain of number 3 and methyl is located at the C atoms of the main chain of numbers 2 and 6
• when from the right end of the main chain the ethyl is located at the C atoms of the main chain chain 6 and methyl at the C atoms of the main chain of numbers 3 and 7
The conclusion we sort from the left end.
Naming order: branch number - branch name - the name of the parent chain

 So its name: 3 ethyl 2,6 dimethyl octane
The ethyl branch is first called methyl because of its first name alphabet (first "e" from "m"). Because the methyl branch there are two then simply called once plus the prefix "di" which means "two". Because the main chain consists of 8 atoms C then the main chain is named: octane.
Use alkana, as:
• Fuel eg LPG, kerosene, gasoline, and diesel fuel
• Solvent. Various types of hydrocarbons, such as petroleum ether and naphtha, are used as a solvent in the industry and dry cleaning (dry cleaning)
• Hydrogen source. Natural gas and petroleum gas are sources of hydrogen in industries such as ammonia and fertilizer industries
• Lubricants. Lubricants are high-alkane tribes (the number of carbon atoms per molecule is large enough, for example
• Raw materials for other organic compounds. Petroleum and natural gas are the main raw materials for the synthesis of various organic compounds such as alcohol, vinegar and others.
• Industry raw materials. Various industrial products such as plastics, detergents, synthetic rubbers, hair oils, and liniment made from petroleum or natural gas
ALKENA
Is an unsaturated hydrocarbon compound having 1 double bond (-C = C-)

 Alkene Properties

    Unsaturated hydrocarbon double bond
    Alkene is also called olefin (oil forming)
    The physiological properties are more active (as sleeping pills -> 2-methyl-2-butene)
    The nature is the same as Alkana, but more reactive
    Properties: colorless gas, can be burned, distinctive odor, explosive in air (at concentrations 3 - 34%)
    Available in regular coal gas in the process of "cracking"
The formula is generally CnH2n


N Formulas Name Molecular Formulas
2 C2H4 ethene CH2 = CH2
3 C3H6 propene CH2 = CH-CH3
4 C4H8 1-butene CH2 = CH-CH2-CH3
4 C4H8 2-butene CH3-CH = CH-CH3
TATA NAME ALKENA

 Almost the same as naming Alkana with the difference:

    The main chain should contain the double bond and the longest selected. The name of the main chain also resembles the alkane by replacing the suffix -ana with -ena. So the selection of the longest C chain of atoms starts from C duplicated to the right and left and is selected to the right and left of the longest.
    The position number of the double bond is written in front of the name of the main chain and is calculated from the tip to the position of the double bond of the smallest serial number C.
    The sequence of the branch position number is the same as the sequence numbering of the main chain branch.
Example:

 6
Has a major chain ......

 7
The calculation of the C atoms in the main chain starts from the double bond ... to the left of the double bond there is only one option while the right double bond there are two choices that are straight and the first turn down .... both equally add 4 C atoms but when the first turn down just produces One branch whereas if straight cause two branches.

 So the name is: 3 ethyl 4 methyl 1 pentena
1 pentena can be replaced with n-pentene or special double bond at number one may not be written .... So its name is enough: pentena. Branch number is sorted with the sequence of double bond number. On the above problem from the right end ....
Use of Alkene as:

    Can be used as an anesthetic (mixed with O2)
    To cook fruits
    Plastic industry raw materials, synthetic rubber, and alcohol.
ALKUNA
Is a non-gene hydrocarbon compound Uh which has 1 double bond (-C≡C-). Its properties are similar to Alkene but more reactive. The formula is generally CnH2n-2n Formula Name Molecular formula C2H2 etuna CH≡CH3 C3H4 propuna CH≡C-CH34 C4H6 1-butuna CH≡C-CH2-CH3 Its name is also the same as Alkene, but Suffix -ena replaced -una Usefulness of Alkuna as: etuna (acetylene = C2H2) used for welding iron and steel. For the illumination of the synthesis of other compounds.

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RPP K13 About Chemistry Lesson

RPP K13 About Chemistry Lesson

LESSON PLANEducation Unit: SMA Negeri 1 Kota JambiSubject: CHEMICALClass / Semester: XI / ITime Allocation: 2 X 40 minutes
A.Competency Standards: Understanding the reaction kinetics, chemical equilibrium, and the factors that influence it, as well as its application in everyday life and industryB. Basic competence: 3.4. Determine the quantitative relationship between the reactants and the reaction product of a balance reactionC. Indicators of Competency Achievement:
 Cognitive: ProductsA. Determining equilibrium constant equations with concentrations.B. Calculates Kc price based on substance concentration in equilibrium.Cognitive: ProcessA. Interpreted experimental data on reagent concentrations and reaction products in equilibrium to determine the equilibrium constant.AffectiveA. Active in the classroom as if to ask, contribute ideas or opinion, there is communication, and become a good listener.D. Learning ObjectivesProduct knowledgeA. Students can determine equilibrium constant equilibrium based on concentration.B. Students can calculate Kc price based on substance concentration in equilibrium.Process Knowledge:A. Students may interpret experimental data on reagent concentrations and reaction products in equilibrium to determine the equilibrium constant.AffectiveA. Students can be active in the classroom as if to ask, contribute ideas or opinion, there is communication, and become a good listener.


E. Learning Materials
     
          F. Learning MethodA. Learning Approach: ProcessB. Learning Model: STADC. Method: Discussion, Lecture

G. Learning Activities

Activities	Phase	Activities	Time Allocation	Implemented/No
Beginning/Introduction	Orientation	· Teachers greet the opening to begin the learning process · Teacher checks student attendance	5 minutes
	Apperception	· Teacher asks Questions / Answers / oral with students about moles in equilibrium..
	Motivation	·. Teacher explains to the students that the mole is in equilibrium state we will use to find the equilibrium constant.
	Giving Reference	· Teachers convey the learning objectives for today's material.
	The division of learning groups and explanations of  mechanisms for the implementation of learning experiences	· Teachers divide students into 16 groups, ie friends next to him. · Teacher explains the activities to be done in the learning process
Core	Exploration	· Teacher explains sub-material briefly · Teacher distributes LKS "Chemical Equilibrium Law" to each group. · Teacher explains the procedure of working on the LKS. · Teacher asks students to do the Lks in groups. · Teachers go to each group to ask about group difficulties in working on LKS. · Teachers and students discuss discussing the results of LKS workmanship. · Teachers and students draw conclusions from the work of the LKS and relate it to the chemical equilibrium law. · Teacher displays slides on Equilibrium constant and equilibrium constant based on Kc. · Teacher gives example of calculation Kc. (Master reminds students of: the mole used in calculating equilibrium constant is mole in equilibrium). · Teacher gives LKS "Kc calculation questions" and asks students to work in groups.	50 minutes
	Elaboration	Teacher gives students opportunity to express their ideas and work result in group · Teacher gives opportunity to student to collaborate with group friend in doing LKS. · Teacher walks around to each group to ask about difficulties in doing LKS in group.	25 minutes
	Confirmation	·      · Teacher asks group representatives to move forward on the matter in turn. · Teacher gives positive response in the form of reinforcement to the group that has been able to complete its task.	5 minutes
	Evaluation	·      · Teacher asks which concept they do not understand.	5 minutes
Cover	appreciation	·      · Teachers reward groups who answer the practice questions well	5 minutes
	Reflection	·      · Teachers and students together conclude material today · Teachers are closing today's lessons.

Predict Rendement of Product a Reaction


In chemistry, the chemical yield, the yield of the reaction, or only the rendement refers to the amount of reaction product produced in the chemical reaction. [1] Absolute rendement can be written as weight in grams or in moles (molar yield). The relative yield used as a calculation of the effectiveness of the procedure is calculated by dividing the amount of product obtained in moles by the theoretical yield in moles: {\ Displaystyle {\ mbox {fractional rendemen}} = {\ frac {\ mbox {real rendemen}} {\ mbox {theoretical renditions}}}} {\ displaystyle {\ mbox {fractional rendemen}} = {\ frac {\ Mbox {actual rendemen}} {\ mbox {theoretical rendemen}}}} To obtain a percentage yield, multiply the fractional yield by 100%. One or more reactants in chemical reactions are often used redundantly. The theoretical rendement is calculated based on the number of moles of the limiting reagent. For this calculation, it is usually assumed there is only one reaction involved. The ideal chemical yield value (theoretical rendement) is 100%, a value highly unlikely to be achieved in its practice. Calculate the percent of rendemen that is by using the following equations percent rendemen = weight yield / weight of yield divided by the sample weight multiplied by 100%
Example
Calculated the salicylic acid salicylic acid salicylic acid yield: 138 g / mol M: 7 g N salicylic acid = 0.05 mol Mr methanol: 32 g / mol M: 18 g N methanol = 0.56 mol         C7H6O3 + CH3OH C8H8O3 + H2O Initial 0.05 mol of 0.56 mol Reaction of 0.05 mol -0.05 mol +0.05 mol        Remaining - 0.51 mol of 0.05 mol Mass of methyl salicylate = n. Mr.  =                                                            = 7.6 g Test mass = (1.26 - 0.47) g                                                            = 0.79 g Rendement = 100%                                                           =                                                           = 10,39%

report

Title: Electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solutions
Day / Date: Monday, 6 february 2017
Objective: 1.  can observe electrical conductivity symptoms of various solutions in water.
                    2. Can Know any solution that has the ability to light up.

Benefits: 1. to be able to observe electrical conductivity symptoms of various solutions in water.
                 2. to be able to know which solutions have the ability to light up.


Theoretical basis

The solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances which dissolves and each of its constituents is physically distinguishable. Substances that are fewer in solution are called soluble substances or solutes, while substances that are more numerous than other substances in solution are called solvents or solvents. The solute and solvent composition in this solution is expressed in solution concentration, while the process of mixing solutes and solvents to form a solution is called dissolution or solvation.
Electrolyte solution is a solution that can conduct electrical current. Svante Arrhenius, the famous chemist from Sweden, proposed the theory of electrolytes in 1884. According to Arrhenius, the electrolyte solution in water dissociates into positively and negatively charged electric particles called ions (positive ions and negative ions) The amount of positive ion charge will Equal to the amount of negative ion charge, so that the charge of ions in the neutral solution '' Ion-ion is the duty mengahantarkan electrical current.
This solution gives a symptom of flashing a lamp or the incidence of a gas bubble in solution. The electrolyte solution contains charged particles (cations and anions). This solution may be sourced from an ionic compound (a compound having an ionic bond) or a polar covalent compound (a compound having a polar covalent bond)
A strong electrolyte solution is a solution that can conduct an electric current well. This is because the solute will decompose completely (degree of ionization = 1) into ions so that in the solution contains many ions. Because many ions can conduct an electric current, the conductivity is strong.
For example: NaCl
A weak electrolyte solution is a solution which can conduct a weak electrical current. This is because the solute will partially decompose (degrees of ionization = 0 <α <1) into ions so that in the solution it contains a little ion. This is because not all decompose into ions (imperfect ionisation) so that in the solution there are only few ions that can conduct electrical current.
For example: ordinary water, and NH3
In a non-electrolyte solution, the molecules are not ionized in solution, so that no charged ions can conduct an electric current. (Degree of ionization = 0)
Examples: urea, and glucose

Tools and materials

- Tools
1. big battery
2. 1 lamp
3. Cable + and -
4. Crocodile clamps + and -
5. Paper sandpaper
6. 2 large battery cathode
7. Triplect
 

   - ingredients
1. Rain water and battery water
2. Sugar water (4 spoons)
3. Salt water (salt box)
4. Soap water (4 scoops of detergent)
5. Vinegar
6. Urea (3 spoons)
7. Alcohol 70%

Work procedures

1) Run the electrolyte test kit.
2) Check if the electrolyte tester works properly or not if the two electrodes are connected, the lamp can be on.
3) Insert one of the solutions to test its electric conductivity strength with 2 cathodes into the beaker halfway up. Notice not to touch.
3) Record and check what happens to the appliance, whether the light is on or off, has a bubble or not.
4) Clean the two cathodes / electrodes with sandpaper.
      5) Repeat activities 3-5 until all of the solutions are addressed. .

No	material	Formula	Observation		Type of Electrolyte
			Lamp	Electrode
1	Rain water	-	no flame	No bubbles	Non-electrolyte
2	Salt water	NaCl	bright	There are bubbles	Strong electrolyte
3	Sugar water	C12H22O11	no flame	There are bubbles	Weak electrolyte
4	Urea	CO(NH2)2	no flame	There are bubbles	Weak electrolyte
5	vinegar acid	CH3COOH	dim	There are bubbles	Weak electrolyte
6	Etahnol	C2H5OH	no flame	There are bubbles	Weak electrolyte
7	Sulfuric acid	H2SO4	bright	There are bubbles	Strong electrolyte
8	soap water	-	bright	There are bubbles	Strong electrolyte
9	Ammonia	NH3	dim	There are bubbles	Weak electrolyte
10	Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)	HCl	bright	There are bubbles	strong electrolyte
11	Aquades	-	no flame	No bubbles	Non-electrolyte

Discussion1) Rainwater is supposed to be non-electrolyte because, no bubbles are tested and lights are not lit, but in our test solutions lights are dimmed, this may be because our electrolyte test kits are dirty or even wrong.2) The salt water should be brightly lit and has a lot of bubbles and includes a strong electrolyte, but in our experiments the solution is not lit but there are bubbles and are classified as weak electrolytes, this may be due to an error in our electrolyte test kit.3) Sugar water including weak electrolytes, lights are not lit and have bubbles, but the labs we do show no lights and no bubbles, this may be because our electrolyte test equipment is dirty or even wrong.4) Vinegar acids should be dimmed and there are bubbles, but the results of our test shows lights are not lit, this may be due to fault / damage of the test equipments.5) Ethanol (alcohol) should not light on, there is a bubble but our test results lights are not lit and no bubbles. This may be because our tool error or test tool is dirty.6) Sulfuric acid (battery water) is actually lights are bright and there are bubbles, but the test solution that we do produces that lights turn red. Maybe this is because our test equipment is less clean.7) The soapy water is basically a brightly lit lamp and there is a bubble, but our lab results show the light is not on. It may be due to an error in our electrolyte test kit.8) Urea includes weak electrolytes, no lights on but no bubbles.9) Ammonia supposedly lights are dim and there are bubbles, but our lab results show no lights on and no bubbles. This may happen because our electrolyte test equipment is dirty or even wrong.10) Hydrochloric acid should be brightly lit and there are bubbles, but the results of our lab show lights are dimmed. This may happen because our electrolyte test equipment is dirty or even wrong.11) The aquades include non-electrolyte solutions because the lights are not lit and there are no bubbles.

Post-practice questions1. What symptoms indicate the conductivity of electricity through the solution?Answer:The presence of many gas bubbles.2. Among the materials tested, which material is a strong electrolyte solution, weak electrolyte, and nonelectrolyte?Answer:Strong electrolysis = HCl and NaOH, weak electrolyte = vinegar and NH4OH, Nonelectrolyte = Sugar, urea, tea water.3. Name the characteristics of the strong electrolyte and weak electrolyte solution that can be observed from the experiment!Answer:Powerful electrolyte = lights on and many gas bubbles. The electrolyte is weak = the light is not lit but there is little gas bubble.Conclusion• Strong electrolytes have the characteristic of lights on and there are many gas bubbles.• The weak electrolyte has a characteristic that is the light is not lit and there is little gas bubble.• Nonelectrolytes have no light features and no gas bubbles.Denngan know the conductivity of the solution along with electrical conductivity symptoms in the solution, we can group the solution into electrolyte and nonelectrolyte solution.
Bibliography

- Ministry of National Education.2006. Standart Isi 2006, Chemistry Pursuit SMA / MA.Jakarta: Curriculum Center- Purba, Michael and Soetopo Hidayat. 2000. Chemistry 2000 for SMA class 1. Volume I B. Jakarta: Erland- Parning and Horale. 2003, Chemistry IB for grade 1 high school. Second Edition. Jakarta Yudhishthira- Purba, Michael. 2007. Chemistry for class X. Jakarta ErlanggAttachment